Substitution is a chemical reaction in chemistry, in which atoms or atomic groups of a molecule are replaced by other atoms or atomic groups. Apart from the substitution reaction, the addition reactions, elimination reactions and rearrangements are fundamental reaction types of organic chemistry.
In general, three different types of exchange reactions are distinguished: the electrophilic, the nucleophilic and the free-radical substitution. The distinction criterion is the nature of the so-called attacking atoms or molecules; electrophilic reactants have an electron deficiency and react with molecular members which have an electron excess (for example, free electron pairs, partially charged groups, etc.). Electron-rich units attack electropositve sites in nucleophilic substitution. Radical substitution reactions are initiated by atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons (radicals). The unit newly introduced into a molecule is referred to as a substituent, the exchanged as the leaving group.
The following list contains online information on substitution reactions in chemistry and its mechanisms.
Content, Topics
Lecture Notes, Tutorials
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Lecture notes - Format: PDF
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Substituent Effects: Orientation
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Substituent Effects: Relative Reactivities
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, EAS
Lecture notes
Nucleophilic Substitution
All about substitution reactions in organic chemistry
Nucleophilic Substitution
An overview
Nucleophilic Substitution
The mechanisms of SN1 and SN2 reactions. Organic Chemistry Portal
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
An introduction
Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Electrophilic substitution reactions; nucleophilic substitution reactions and more. Understanding Chemistry, UK
Quirky Ligand Substitutions
Lecture notes
Sn1 Mechanism
Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Reactions
Sn2 Mechanism - Nucleophiles
Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Reactions
Sn2 Mechanism - Solvent Effects
Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Reactions - Format: PDF
Sn2 Mechanism - Stereochemistry
Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Reactions
Sn2 Mechanism - Substituent Effects
Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Reactions
Substitution and Elimination Reactions
Comparative Chart - Format: PDF
Substitution Reactions
Tutorial, Textbook
Special Information
Sandmeyer Reaction
Substitution for an NH2 on an aromatic ring
Sonogashira Reaction
A palladium-catalyzed substitution reaction
Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution
The VNS allows the nucleophilic replacement of hydrogen in nitroaromatics and heteroaromatics. Organic Chemistry Portal
Compound Classes
Alcohols and Alkyl Halides
Radical Substitution
Alcohols and Alkyl Halides
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Arenes
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Substitution reactions of benzene and other aromatic compounds
Benzene and Other Aromatic Compounds - II
Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Lecture notes - Format: PDF
Phenols
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Dissertations
Reactions in Biologically Relevant Systems
Mechanistic Studies of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and Ligand Substitution Reactions in Biologically Relevant Systems. Dissertation, 2008. University of Erlangen
Last update: 13.11.2018.
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